Nombres complexes | Terminale Bac Pro | ERA · TMA · ICCER (Grpt 1)
Dernière mise à jour : 11 mars 2026
Pour chaque nombre complexe, donner la partie réelle \(\text{Re}(z)\) et la partie imaginaire \(\text{Im}(z)\) :
| Nombre complexe | \(\text{Re}(z)\) | \(\text{Im}(z)\) | Nature |
|---|---|---|---|
| \(z_1 = 5 + 3i\) | |||
| \(z_2 = -2 - 7i\) | |||
| \(z_3 = 4i\) | |||
| \(z_4 = -6\) | |||
| \(z_5 = \dfrac{1}{2} - \dfrac{3}{4}i\) |
| Nombre complexe | \(\text{Re}(z)\) | \(\text{Im}(z)\) | Nature |
|---|---|---|---|
| \(z_1 = 5 + 3i\) | \(5\) | \(3\) | Complexe |
| \(z_2 = -2 - 7i\) | \(-2\) | \(-7\) | Complexe |
| \(z_3 = 4i\) | \(0\) | \(4\) | Imaginaire pur |
| \(z_4 = -6\) | \(-6\) | \(0\) | Réel |
| \(z_5 = \dfrac{1}{2} - \dfrac{3}{4}i\) | \(\dfrac{1}{2} = 0{,}5\) | \(-\dfrac{3}{4} = -0{,}75\) | Complexe |
Rappel : la partie imaginaire est le coefficient de \(i\), sans le \(i\). Si \(z = a + ib\), alors \(\text{Im}(z) = b\).
Calculer les sommes et différences suivantes. Donner le résultat sous forme algébrique \(a + ib\) :
a) \(z_1 + z_2 = (3 + 1) + (2 + (-5))i = \) \(4 - 3i\)
b) \(z_3 + z_4 = (-4 + 6) + (1 + 3)i = \) \(2 + 4i\)
c) \(z_5 - z_6 = (7 - 7) + (-2 - 2)i = \) \(-4i\) (imaginaire pur)
d) \(z_7 - z_8 = (-1 - (-3)) + (4 - (-4))i = \) \(2 + 8i\)
Méthode : on additionne (ou soustrait) les parties réelles entre elles, et les parties imaginaires entre elles.
Rappel : le conjugué de \(z = a + ib\) est \(\bar{z} = a - ib\) (on change le signe de la partie imaginaire).
Donner le conjugué de chaque nombre complexe :
| \(z\) | \(\bar{z}\) |
|---|---|
| \(z_1 = 3 + 5i\) | |
| \(z_2 = -2 - i\) | |
| \(z_3 = 7\) | |
| \(z_4 = -4i\) | |
| \(z_5 = 1 + \sqrt{3}\,i\) |
| \(z\) | \(\bar{z}\) | \(z + \bar{z}\) | \(z \times \bar{z}\) |
|---|---|---|---|
| \(3 + 5i\) | \(3 - 5i\) | \(6\) | \(9 + 25 = 34\) |
| \(-2 - i\) | \(-2 + i\) | \(-4\) | \(4 + 1 = 5\) |
| \(7\) | \(7\) | \(14\) | \(49\) |
| \(-4i\) | \(4i\) | \(0\) | \(16\) |
| \(1 + \sqrt{3}\,i\) | \(1 - \sqrt{3}\,i\) | \(2\) | \(1 + 3 = 4\) |
On remarque que :
Exemple guidé : \(z = 7 - 3i\)
On identifie : \(a = \boxed{7}\) et \(b = \boxed{-3}\). Donc \(\text{Re}(z) = 7\) et \(\text{Im}(z) = -3\).
À toi : Compléter le tableau ci-dessous.
| Nombre complexe \(z\) | \(\text{Re}(z) = \boxed{\phantom{00}}\) | \(\text{Im}(z) = \boxed{\phantom{00}}\) | Nature |
|---|---|---|---|
| \(z_1 = 4 + 5i\) | \(\boxed{\phantom{00}}\) | \(\boxed{\phantom{00}}\) | |
| \(z_2 = -3i\) | \(\boxed{\phantom{00}}\) | \(\boxed{\phantom{00}}\) | |
| \(z_3 = 9\) | \(\boxed{\phantom{00}}\) | \(\boxed{\phantom{00}}\) | |
| \(z_4 = -2 + 6i\) | \(\boxed{\phantom{00}}\) | \(\boxed{\phantom{00}}\) |
| Nombre complexe | \(\text{Re}(z)\) | \(\text{Im}(z)\) | Nature |
|---|---|---|---|
| \(z_1 = 4 + 5i\) | \(4\) | \(5\) | Complexe |
| \(z_2 = -3i\) | \(0\) | \(-3\) | Imaginaire pur |
| \(z_3 = 9\) | \(9\) | \(0\) | Réel |
| \(z_4 = -2 + 6i\) | \(-2\) | \(6\) | Complexe |
Astuce : si \(b = 0\), le nombre est réel. Si \(a = 0\) et \(b \neq 0\), c'est un imaginaire pur.
a) Addition guidée : \(z_1 = 5 + 3i\) et \(z_2 = 2 - i\).
Parties réelles : \(5 + 2 = \boxed{\phantom{00}}\)
Parties imaginaires : \(3 + (-1) = \boxed{\phantom{00}}\)
Donc \(z_1 + z_2 = \boxed{\phantom{000}} + \boxed{\phantom{000}}i\)
b) Multiplication guidée : \((3 + 2i)(1 + i)\).
Étape 1 — On développe :
\(3 \times 1 = \boxed{\phantom{00}}\) \(3 \times i = \boxed{\phantom{00}}\) \(2i \times 1 = \boxed{\phantom{00}}\) \(2i \times i = \boxed{\phantom{00}}\)
Étape 2 — On rassemble : \(\boxed{\phantom{00}} + \boxed{\phantom{00}} + \boxed{\phantom{00}} + \boxed{\phantom{00}}\)
Étape 3 — On remplace \(i^2 = -1\) : \(2i^2 = 2 \times (-1) = \boxed{\phantom{00}}\)
Résultat : \((3 + 2i)(1 + i) = \boxed{\phantom{000}} + \boxed{\phantom{000}}i\)
c) À toi : Calculer \((4 + i)(2 - 3i)\).
Développement : \(\boxed{\phantom{00}} + \boxed{\phantom{00}} + \boxed{\phantom{00}} + \boxed{\phantom{00}}\)
Remplacement de \(i^2\) : ………
Résultat : \(\boxed{\phantom{000}} + \boxed{\phantom{000}}i\)
a) Parties réelles : \(5 + 2 = 7\). Parties imaginaires : \(3 + (-1) = 2\).
\(z_1 + z_2 = 7 + 2i\)
b) Développement : \(3 + 3i + 2i + 2i^2 = 3 + 5i + 2(-1) = 3 + 5i - 2\).
\((3 + 2i)(1 + i) = 1 + 5i\)
c) \((4 + i)(2 - 3i) = 8 - 12i + 2i - 3i^2 = 8 - 10i - 3(-1) = 8 - 10i + 3\).
\((4 + i)(2 - 3i) = 11 - 10i\)
Exemple guidé : Placer \(z = 3 + 2i\).
Partie réelle = \(3\) → on avance de 3 vers la droite.
Partie imaginaire = \(2\) → on monte de 2. Le point est en \((3\,;\,2)\).
À toi : Compléter le tableau, puis placer les points sur le plan.
| Complexe \(z\) | Partie réelle \(a = \boxed{\phantom{0}}\) | Partie imaginaire \(b = \boxed{\phantom{0}}\) | Point \((a\,;\,b)\) |
|---|---|---|---|
| \(z_1 = 2 + 4i\) | \(\boxed{\phantom{0}}\) | \(\boxed{\phantom{0}}\) | \((\boxed{\phantom{0}}\,;\,\boxed{\phantom{0}})\) |
| \(z_2 = -3 + i\) | \(\boxed{\phantom{0}}\) | \(\boxed{\phantom{0}}\) | \((\boxed{\phantom{0}}\,;\,\boxed{\phantom{0}})\) |
| \(z_3 = 5\) | \(\boxed{\phantom{0}}\) | \(\boxed{\phantom{0}}\) | \((\boxed{\phantom{0}}\,;\,\boxed{\phantom{0}})\) |
| \(z_4 = -2i\) | \(\boxed{\phantom{0}}\) | \(\boxed{\phantom{0}}\) | \((\boxed{\phantom{0}}\,;\,\boxed{\phantom{0}})\) |
Plan complexe — place les 4 points
| Complexe | \(a\) | \(b\) | Point |
|---|---|---|---|
| \(z_1 = 2 + 4i\) | \(2\) | \(4\) | \((2\,;\,4)\) |
| \(z_2 = -3 + i\) | \(-3\) | \(1\) | \((-3\,;\,1)\) |
| \(z_3 = 5\) | \(5\) | \(0\) | \((5\,;\,0)\) — sur l'axe réel |
| \(z_4 = -2i\) | \(0\) | \(-2\) | \((0\,;\,-2)\) — sur l'axe imaginaire |
Correction — plan complexe
Exemple guidé : \(z = 3 + 4i\)
\(a = 3\), \(b = 4\) → \(|z| = \sqrt{3^2 + 4^2} = \sqrt{9 + 16} = \sqrt{25} = \boxed{5}\)
À toi : Calculer le module de chaque nombre complexe.
| Complexe \(z\) | \(a^2\) | \(b^2\) | \(a^2 + b^2\) | \(|z|\) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| \(z_1 = 5 + 12i\) | \(\boxed{\phantom{00}}\) | \(\boxed{\phantom{000}}\) | \(\boxed{\phantom{000}}\) | \(\boxed{\phantom{00}}\) |
| \(z_2 = 8 - 6i\) | \(\boxed{\phantom{00}}\) | \(\boxed{\phantom{00}}\) | \(\boxed{\phantom{000}}\) | \(\boxed{\phantom{00}}\) |
| \(z_3 = -3i\) | \(\boxed{\phantom{0}}\) | \(\boxed{\phantom{0}}\) | \(\boxed{\phantom{0}}\) | \(\boxed{\phantom{0}}\) |
| \(z_4 = 2 + 2i\) | \(\boxed{\phantom{0}}\) | \(\boxed{\phantom{0}}\) | \(\boxed{\phantom{0}}\) | \(\boxed{\phantom{00}}\) |
| Complexe | \(a^2\) | \(b^2\) | \(a^2 + b^2\) | \(|z|\) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| \(z_1 = 5 + 12i\) | \(25\) | \(144\) | \(169\) | \(13\) |
| \(z_2 = 8 - 6i\) | \(64\) | \(36\) | \(100\) | \(10\) |
| \(z_3 = -3i\) | \(0\) | \(9\) | \(9\) | \(3\) |
| \(z_4 = 2 + 2i\) | \(4\) | \(4\) | \(8\) | \(2\sqrt{2} \approx 2{,}83\) |
Astuce : les nombres 5-12-13, 3-4-5, 6-8-10 sont des « triplets pythagoriciens » qui donnent un module entier.
a) Guidé : Calculer \((2 + i)(3 - 2i)\).
\(2 \times 3 = \boxed{\phantom{0}}\) \(2 \times (-2i) = \boxed{\phantom{00}}\) \(i \times 3 = \boxed{\phantom{0}}\) \(i \times (-2i) = -2i^2 = \boxed{\phantom{0}}\)
Partie réelle : \(\boxed{\phantom{0}} + \boxed{\phantom{0}} = \boxed{\phantom{0}}\) Partie imaginaire : \(\boxed{\phantom{00}} + \boxed{\phantom{0}} = \boxed{\phantom{0}}\)
Résultat : \(\boxed{\phantom{000}} + \boxed{\phantom{0}}i\)
b) À toi : Calculer \((1 + 3i)(2 + i)\).
c) À toi : Calculer \((5 - i)(5 + i)\). Que remarquez-vous avec le module de \(z = 5 + i\) ?
a) \(6 + (-4i) + 3i + (-2i^2) = 6 - 4i + 3i + 2 = \) \(8 - i\)
b) \((1 + 3i)(2 + i) = 2 + i + 6i + 3i^2 = 2 + 7i - 3 = \) \(-1 + 7i\)
c) \((5 - i)(5 + i) = 25 + 5i - 5i - i^2 = 25 + 1 = \) \(26\)
Remarque : \(|5 + i| = \sqrt{25 + 1} = \sqrt{26}\), donc \((5-i)(5+i) = |5+i|^2\). On retrouve la propriété \(z \times \bar{z} = |z|^2\).
Valeurs à connaître :
| \(\theta\) | \(0°\) | \(30°\) (\(\pi/6\)) | \(45°\) (\(\pi/4\)) | \(60°\) (\(\pi/3\)) | \(90°\) (\(\pi/2\)) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| \(\cos\theta\) | \(1\) | \(\dfrac{\sqrt{3}}{2}\) | \(\dfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2}\) | \(\dfrac{1}{2}\) | \(0\) |
| \(\sin\theta\) | \(0\) | \(\dfrac{1}{2}\) | \(\dfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2}\) | \(\dfrac{\sqrt{3}}{2}\) | \(1\) |
a) Convertir \(z = 2\!\left(\cos\dfrac{\pi}{3} + i\sin\dfrac{\pi}{3}\right)\) en forme algébrique.
\(a = 2\cos\dfrac{\pi}{3} = 2 \times \boxed{\phantom{1/2}} = \boxed{\phantom{1}}\)
\(b = 2\sin\dfrac{\pi}{3} = 2 \times \boxed{\phantom{\sqrt{3}/2}} = \boxed{\phantom{\sqrt{3}}}\)
Résultat : \(z = \boxed{\phantom{1}} + \boxed{\phantom{\sqrt{3}}}i\)
b) Convertir \(z = \sqrt{2} + \sqrt{2}\,i\) en forme trigonométrique.
\(r = \sqrt{(\sqrt{2})^2 + (\sqrt{2})^2} = \sqrt{\boxed{\phantom{2}} + \boxed{\phantom{2}}} = \boxed{\phantom{2}}\)
\(\cos\theta = \dfrac{\sqrt{2}}{\boxed{\phantom{2}}} = \dfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2}\) et \(\sin\theta = \dfrac{\sqrt{2}}{\boxed{\phantom{2}}} = \dfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2}\) → \(\theta = \boxed{\phantom{\pi/4}}\)
Résultat : \(z = \boxed{\phantom{2}}\!\left(\cos\dfrac{\pi}{4} + i\sin\dfrac{\pi}{4}\right)\)
a) \(a = 2 \times \dfrac{1}{2} = 1\) et \(b = 2 \times \dfrac{\sqrt{3}}{2} = \sqrt{3}\). \(z = 1 + \sqrt{3}\,i\)
b) \(r = \sqrt{2 + 2} = \sqrt{4} = 2\).
\(\cos\theta = \dfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2}\) et \(\sin\theta = \dfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2}\) → \(\theta = \dfrac{\pi}{4}\) (45°).
\(z = 2\!\left(\cos\dfrac{\pi}{4} + i\sin\dfrac{\pi}{4}\right)\)
Compléter le tableau en s'aidant de la règle :
| Puissance | Calcul intermédiaire | Résultat |
|---|---|---|
| \(i^2\) | \(i \times i\) | \(\boxed{-1}\) |
| \(i^3\) | \(i^2 \times i = (-1) \times i\) | \(\boxed{\phantom{-i}}\) |
| \(i^4\) | \(i^3 \times i = (-i) \times i\) | \(\boxed{\phantom{1}}\) |
| \(i^5\) | \(i^4 \times i = 1 \times i\) | \(\boxed{\phantom{i}}\) |
| \(i^6\) | \(i^5 \times i\) | \(\boxed{\phantom{-1}}\) |
Application : Simplifier les expressions suivantes :
a) \(3i^2 = 3 \times \boxed{\phantom{-1}} = \boxed{\phantom{-3}}\)
b) \(5i^4 = 5 \times \boxed{\phantom{1}} = \boxed{\phantom{5}}\)
c) \(-2i^3 = -2 \times \boxed{\phantom{-i}} = \boxed{\phantom{2i}}\)
| Puissance | Résultat |
|---|---|
| \(i^2\) | \(-1\) |
| \(i^3\) | \(-i\) |
| \(i^4\) | \(1\) |
| \(i^5\) | \(i\) |
| \(i^6\) | \(-1\) |
a) \(3i^2 = 3 \times (-1) =\) \(-3\)
b) \(5i^4 = 5 \times 1 =\) \(5\)
c) \(-2i^3 = -2 \times (-i) =\) \(2i\)
Le cycle \(i, -1, -i, 1\) se répète toutes les 4 puissances.
Trouver les réels \(x\) et \(y\) vérifiant chaque égalité :
a) \(x + 3i = 7 + 3i\)
Parties réelles : \(x = \boxed{\phantom{7}}\). Parties imaginaires : déjà égales (\(3 = 3\)).
b) \(2 + yi = 2 - 5i\)
Parties imaginaires : \(y = \boxed{\phantom{-5}}\).
c) \((x + 1) + (y - 2)i = 4 + 6i\)
Partie réelle : \(x + 1 = 4\) donc \(x = \boxed{\phantom{3}}\)
Partie imaginaire : \(y - 2 = 6\) donc \(y = \boxed{\phantom{8}}\)
d) \((2x - 3) + (3y + 1)i = 5 - 2i\)
a) \(x = 7\)
b) \(y = -5\)
c) \(x + 1 = 4 \Rightarrow\) \(x = 3\) · \(y - 2 = 6 \Rightarrow\) \(y = 8\)
d) \(2x - 3 = 5 \Rightarrow 2x = 8 \Rightarrow\) \(x = 4\) · \(3y + 1 = -2 \Rightarrow 3y = -3 \Rightarrow\) \(y = -1\)
On donne \(z = 6 + 8i\).
1. Donner le conjugué \(\bar{z}\) :
\(\bar{z} = \boxed{\phantom{6 - 8i}}\)
2. Calculer le module \(|z|\) en complétant :
\(a = \boxed{\phantom{6}}\), \(b = \boxed{\phantom{8}}\)
\(a^2 = \boxed{\phantom{36}}\), \(b^2 = \boxed{\phantom{64}}\), \(a^2 + b^2 = \boxed{\phantom{100}}\)
\(|z| = \sqrt{\boxed{\phantom{100}}} = \boxed{\phantom{10}}\)
3. Vérifier que \(z \times \bar{z} = |z|^2\) :
\(z \times \bar{z} = (6 + 8i)(6 - 8i) = 36 - 48i + 48i - 64i^2 = 36 - 64 \times \boxed{\phantom{-1}} = \boxed{\phantom{100}}\)
\(|z|^2 = \boxed{\phantom{10}}^2 = \boxed{\phantom{100}}\) ✓
4. Le nombre \(z = 6 + 8i\) représente la tension aux bornes d'un appareil électrique (en notation complexe). Quelle est l'intensité de la tension (valeur absolue du module) ?
1. \(\bar{z} = 6 - 8i\)
2. \(a^2 + b^2 = 36 + 64 = 100\). \(|z| = \sqrt{100} = 10\)
3. \((6 + 8i)(6 - 8i) = 36 - 64 \times (-1) = 36 + 64 = 100\) ✓. C'est bien égal à \(|z|^2 = 10^2 = 100\).
4. L'intensité de la tension est \(|z| = 10\) unités.
1. Lire les complexes : Pour chaque point placé dans le plan ci-dessous, donner le nombre complexe correspondant.
| Point | Coordonnées \((a\,;\,b)\) | Nombre complexe \(z = a + ib\) |
|---|---|---|
| \(A\) | \((4\,;\,3)\) | \(\boxed{\phantom{4 + 3i}}\) |
| \(B\) | \((-2\,;\,5)\) | \(\boxed{\phantom{-2 + 5i}}\) |
| \(C\) | \((0\,;\,-4)\) | \(\boxed{\phantom{-4i}}\) |
| \(D\) | \((6\,;\,0)\) | \(\boxed{\phantom{6}}\) |
2. Pour chaque complexe, calculer son module :
\(|z_A| = \sqrt{4^2 + 3^2} = \sqrt{\boxed{\phantom{25}}} = \boxed{\phantom{5}}\)
\(|z_B| = \sqrt{(-2)^2 + 5^2} = \sqrt{\boxed{\phantom{29}}} \approx \boxed{\phantom{5{,}4}}\)
\(|z_C| = \sqrt{0^2 + (-4)^2} = \boxed{\phantom{4}}\)
\(|z_D| = \sqrt{6^2 + 0^2} = \boxed{\phantom{6}}\)
1.
| Point | Nombre complexe |
|---|---|
| \(A(4\,;\,3)\) | \(z_A = 4 + 3i\) |
| \(B(-2\,;\,5)\) | \(z_B = -2 + 5i\) |
| \(C(0\,;\,-4)\) | \(z_C = -4i\) (imaginaire pur) |
| \(D(6\,;\,0)\) | \(z_D = 6\) (réel) |
2.
\(|z_A| = \sqrt{16 + 9} = \sqrt{25} =\) \(5\) (triplet 3-4-5)
\(|z_B| = \sqrt{4 + 25} = \sqrt{29} \approx\) \(5{,}4\)
\(|z_C| =\) \(4\)
\(|z_D| =\) \(6\)
Exemple guidé : Résoudre \(z^2 = -16\).
\(\sqrt{16} = 4\) → Solutions : \(z_1 = \boxed{4i}\) et \(z_2 = \boxed{-4i}\)
Vérification : \((4i)^2 = 16i^2 = 16 \times (-1) = -16\) ✓
À toi :
| Équation | \(\sqrt{a} = \boxed{\phantom{0}}\) | Solutions |
|---|---|---|
| \(z^2 = -36\) | \(\boxed{\phantom{0}}\) | \(z_1 = \boxed{\phantom{0}}\) et \(z_2 = \boxed{\phantom{0}}\) |
| \(z^2 = -1\) | \(\boxed{\phantom{0}}\) | \(z_1 = \boxed{\phantom{0}}\) et \(z_2 = \boxed{\phantom{0}}\) |
| \(z^2 = -49\) | \(\boxed{\phantom{0}}\) | \(z_1 = \boxed{\phantom{0}}\) et \(z_2 = \boxed{\phantom{0}}\) |
| \(z^2 = -3\) | \(\sqrt{3}\) | \(z_1 = \boxed{\phantom{0}}\) et \(z_2 = \boxed{\phantom{0}}\) |
| Équation | \(\sqrt{a}\) | Solutions |
|---|---|---|
| \(z^2 = -36\) | \(6\) | \(z_1 = 6i\) et \(z_2 = -6i\) |
| \(z^2 = -1\) | \(1\) | \(z_1 = i\) et \(z_2 = -i\) (l'unité imaginaire elle-même !) |
| \(z^2 = -49\) | \(7\) | \(z_1 = 7i\) et \(z_2 = -7i\) |
| \(z^2 = -3\) | \(\sqrt{3}\) | \(z_1 = i\sqrt{3}\) et \(z_2 = -i\sqrt{3}\) |
Les deux solutions sont toujours conjuguées l'une de l'autre.
Calculer les produits suivants en utilisant la règle \(i^2 = -1\). Donner le résultat sous forme algébrique.
a) \((2 + 3i)(4 - i) = 8 - 2i + 12i - 3i^2 = 8 + 10i - 3(-1) = 8 + 10i + 3 = \) \(11 + 10i\)
b) \((1 + i)(1 - i) = 1 - i + i - i^2 = 1 - (-1) = \) \(2\) (réel !)
c) \((-3 + 2i)(5 + 4i) = -15 - 12i + 10i + 8i^2 = -15 - 2i + 8(-1) = \) \(-23 - 2i\)
d) \((2i)(3 - 5i) = 6i - 10i^2 = 6i - 10(-1) = \) \(10 + 6i\)
Méthode : on développe comme un produit classique \((a+b)(c+d)\), puis on remplace \(i^2\) par \(-1\).
Le module de \(z = a + ib\) est : \(|z| = \sqrt{a^2 + b^2}\).
Calculer le module de chaque nombre complexe :
| \(z\) | \(a\) | \(b\) | \(a^2 + b^2\) | \(|z|\) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| \(z_1 = 3 + 4i\) | ||||
| \(z_2 = -5 + 12i\) | ||||
| \(z_3 = 1 - i\) | ||||
| \(z_4 = 6i\) | ||||
| \(z_5 = -2 - 2i\) |
| \(z\) | \(a\) | \(b\) | \(a^2 + b^2\) | \(|z|\) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| \(3 + 4i\) | \(3\) | \(4\) | \(9 + 16 = 25\) | \(5\) |
| \(-5 + 12i\) | \(-5\) | \(12\) | \(25 + 144 = 169\) | \(13\) |
| \(1 - i\) | \(1\) | \(-1\) | \(1 + 1 = 2\) | \(\sqrt{2} \approx 1{,}41\) |
| \(6i\) | \(0\) | \(6\) | \(0 + 36 = 36\) | \(6\) |
| \(-2 - 2i\) | \(-2\) | \(-2\) | \(4 + 4 = 8\) | \(2\sqrt{2} \approx 2{,}83\) |
Le module est toujours positif ou nul. Il représente la distance du point au centre dans le plan complexe.
Placer les nombres complexes suivants dans le plan complexe (axe horizontal = partie réelle, axe vertical = partie imaginaire) :
\(z_1 = 3 + 2i\) \(z_2 = -1 + 4i\) \(z_3 = -3 - 2i\) \(z_4 = 4 - 3i\) \(z_5 = 5i\) \(z_6 = -4\)
Plan complexe — placez les 6 points
Correction — plan complexe
| Complexe | Point \((a\,;\,b)\) | Quadrant |
|---|---|---|
| \(z_1 = 3 + 2i\) | \((3\,;\,2)\) | I |
| \(z_2 = -1 + 4i\) | \((-1\,;\,4)\) | II |
| \(z_3 = -3 - 2i\) | \((-3\,;\,-2)\) | III |
| \(z_4 = 4 - 3i\) | \((4\,;\,-3)\) | IV |
| \(z_5 = 5i\) | \((0\,;\,5)\) | Axe imaginaire |
| \(z_6 = -4\) | \((-4\,;\,0)\) | Axe réel |
1. \(Z = Z_1 + Z_2 = (3 + 5) + (4 + (-2))i =\) \(8 + 2i\). Re\((Z) = 8\), Im\((Z) = 2\).
2. \(|Z| = \sqrt{8^2 + 2^2} = \sqrt{64 + 4} = \sqrt{68} \approx\) \(8{,}25\) Ω.
3. \(I = \dfrac{230}{8{,}25} \approx\) \(27{,}88\) A.
Rappel : l'argument \(\theta\) de \(z = a + ib\) vérifie \(\cos\theta = \dfrac{a}{|z|}\) et \(\sin\theta = \dfrac{b}{|z|}\).
a) \(|z_1| = \sqrt{16 + 16} = 4\sqrt{2}\). \(\cos\theta = \dfrac{4}{4\sqrt{2}} = \dfrac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\) et \(\sin\theta = \dfrac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\). \(\theta = 45°\).
b) \(|z_2| = 3\). \(\cos\theta = -1\) et \(\sin\theta = 0\). \(\theta = 180°\).
c) \(|z_3| = 5\). \(\cos\theta = 0\) et \(\sin\theta = 1\). \(\theta = 90°\).
d) \(|z_4| = \sqrt{4 + 12} = 4\). \(\cos\theta = \dfrac{2}{4} = 0{,}5\) et \(\sin\theta = \dfrac{-2\sqrt{3}}{4} = \dfrac{-\sqrt{3}}{2}\). \(\theta = -60°\).
1. \(a = 1\), \(b = -4\), \(c = 8\). \(\Delta = (-4)^2 - 4 \times 1 \times 8 = 16 - 32 =\) \(-16\).
2. \(\Delta = -16 < 0\) : l'équation n'a pas de solution réelle, mais deux solutions complexes conjuguées.
3. \(\sqrt{|\Delta|} = \sqrt{16} = 4\).
\(z_1 = \dfrac{4 + 4i}{2} =\) \(2 + 2i\)
\(z_2 = \dfrac{4 - 4i}{2} =\) \(2 - 2i\)
On vérifie : \(\overline{z_1} = \overline{2 + 2i} = 2 - 2i = z_2\) ✓
Dans le plan complexe, on considère les points \(A\) d'affixe \(z_A = 2 + 3i\) et \(B\) d'affixe \(z_B = 6 + i\).
1. \(z_B - z_A = (6 + i) - (2 + 3i) =\) \(4 - 2i\).
2. \(AB = |4 - 2i| = \sqrt{16 + 4} = \sqrt{20} = 2\sqrt{5} \approx\) \(4{,}47\).
3. \(z_M = \dfrac{(2 + 3i) + (6 + i)}{2} = \dfrac{8 + 4i}{2} =\) \(4 + 2i\).
4. \(z_M - z_A = (4 + 2i) - (2 + 3i) = 2 - i\). \(|2 - i| = \sqrt{4 + 1} = \sqrt{5} = \dfrac{2\sqrt{5}}{2} = \dfrac{AB}{2}\) ✓
1. \(\underline{Z} = 120 - 50j\).
2. \(|\underline{Z}| = \sqrt{120^2 + (-50)^2} = \sqrt{14\,400 + 2\,500} = \sqrt{16\,900} =\) \(130\) Ω.
3. \(\overline{\underline{Z}} = 120 + 50j\).
4. \(\underline{Z} \times \overline{\underline{Z}} = (120 - 50j)(120 + 50j) = 120^2 - (50j)^2 = 14\,400 - 2\,500j^2 = 14\,400 + 2\,500 = 16\,900 = 130^2 = |\underline{Z}|^2\) ✓
Résoudre les équations suivantes dans \(\mathbb{C}\). Calculer d'abord \(\Delta\), puis conclure.
a) \(\Delta = 36 - 40 = -4\). \(\sqrt{|\Delta|} = 2\). \(z_1 = -3 + i\), \(z_2 = -3 - i\).
b) \(\Delta = 4 - 40 = -36\). \(\sqrt{|\Delta|} = 6\). \(z_1 = 1 + 3i\), \(z_2 = 1 - 3i\).
c) \(z^2 = -9\). \(z_1 = 3i\), \(z_2 = -3i\). (ou \(\Delta = -36\), \(z = \pm 3i\))
d) On divise par 3 : \(z^2 - 2z + 3 = 0\). \(\Delta = 4 - 12 = -8\). \(\sqrt{|\Delta|} = 2\sqrt{2}\). \(z_1 = 1 + i\sqrt{2}\), \(z_2 = 1 - i\sqrt{2}\).
Compléter le tableau de conversion entre forme algébrique et forme trigonométrique :
| Forme algébrique | Module \(r\) | Argument \(\theta\) | Forme trigonométrique |
|---|---|---|---|
| \(z_1 = \sqrt{3} + i\) | |||
| \(z_2 = -2i\) | |||
| \(z_3 = -1 - i\) | |||
| \(z_4 = 3\left(\cos 0 + i\sin 0\right)\) | \(z_4 = \) | ||
| \(z_5 = \sqrt{2}\!\left(\cos\dfrac{3\pi}{4} + i\sin\dfrac{3\pi}{4}\right)\) | \(z_5 = \) |
| Complexe | \(r\) | \(\theta\) | Forme trig. |
|---|---|---|---|
| \(\sqrt{3} + i\) | \(2\) | \(\dfrac{\pi}{6}\) | \(2\!\left(\cos\dfrac{\pi}{6} + i\sin\dfrac{\pi}{6}\right)\) |
| \(-2i\) | \(2\) | \(-\dfrac{\pi}{2}\) | \(2\!\left(\cos\!\left(-\dfrac{\pi}{2}\right) + i\sin\!\left(-\dfrac{\pi}{2}\right)\right)\) |
| \(-1 - i\) | \(\sqrt{2}\) | \(-\dfrac{3\pi}{4}\) | \(\sqrt{2}\!\left(\cos\!\left(-\dfrac{3\pi}{4}\right) + i\sin\!\left(-\dfrac{3\pi}{4}\right)\right)\) |
| — | \(3\) | \(0\) | \(z_4 = 3\) (réel positif) |
| — | \(\sqrt{2}\) | \(\dfrac{3\pi}{4}\) | \(z_5 = -1 + i\) |
Pour \(z_4\) : \(\cos 0 = 1\), \(\sin 0 = 0\), donc \(z_4 = 3 \times 1 = 3\).
Pour \(z_5\) : \(\cos\dfrac{3\pi}{4} = -\dfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2}\), \(\sin\dfrac{3\pi}{4} = \dfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2}\), donc \(z_5 = \sqrt{2} \times \left(-\dfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2} + i\dfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2}\right) = -1 + i\).
La forme trigonométrique de \(z\) est : \(z = |z|(\cos\theta + i\sin\theta)\), où \(\theta\) est l'argument de \(z\).
a) \(z_1 = 1 + i\) : \(|z_1| = \sqrt{1^2 + 1^2} = \sqrt{2}\).
\(\cos\theta = \dfrac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\), \(\sin\theta = \dfrac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\) → \(\theta = \dfrac{\pi}{4}\).
\(z_1 = \sqrt{2}\left(\cos\dfrac{\pi}{4} + i\sin\dfrac{\pi}{4}\right)\)
b) \(z_2 = -\sqrt{3} + i\) : \(|z_2| = \sqrt{3 + 1} = 2\).
\(\cos\theta = \dfrac{-\sqrt{3}}{2}\), \(\sin\theta = \dfrac{1}{2}\) → \(\theta = \dfrac{5\pi}{6}\).
\(z_2 = 2\left(\cos\dfrac{5\pi}{6} + i\sin\dfrac{5\pi}{6}\right)\)
c) \(z_3 = -2\) : \(|z_3| = 2\), \(\theta = \pi\).
\(z_3 = 2(\cos\pi + i\sin\pi)\)
d) \(z_4 = 4\left(\cos\dfrac{\pi}{3} + i\sin\dfrac{\pi}{3}\right) = 4\left(\dfrac{1}{2} + i\dfrac{\sqrt{3}}{2}\right) = \) \(2 + 2\sqrt{3}\,i\)
e) \(z_5 = 3\left(\cos\dfrac{\pi}{2} + i\sin\dfrac{\pi}{2}\right) = 3(0 + i \times 1) = \) \(3i\)
On cherche les nombres complexes \(z\) tels que \(z^2\) soit un réel négatif.
a) \(z^2 = -9\) → \(z^2 = 9 \times (-1) = 9i^2\) → \(z = \pm 3i\).
\(z = 3i\) ou \(z = -3i\)
b) \(z^2 = -25\) → \(z = \pm 5i\).
\(z = 5i\) ou \(z = -5i\)
c) \(z^2 = -7\) → \(z = \pm i\sqrt{7}\).
\(z = i\sqrt{7}\) ou \(z = -i\sqrt{7}\) (\(\sqrt{7} \approx 2{,}65\))
d) Vérification : \(z = 3i\) → \(z^2 = (3i)^2 = 9i^2 = 9 \times (-1) = -9\) ✓
On résout \(az^2 + bz + c = 0\) dans \(\mathbb{C}\). Si \(\Delta = b^2 - 4ac < 0\), les solutions sont complexes :
\(z = \dfrac{-b \pm i\sqrt{|\Delta|}}{2a}\)
a) \(z^2 - 2z + 5 = 0\) → \(\Delta = (-2)^2 - 4(1)(5) = 4 - 20 = -16\).
\(\Delta < 0\) donc solutions complexes : \(\sqrt{|\Delta|} = \sqrt{16} = 4\).
\(z = \dfrac{2 \pm 4i}{2}\)
\(z_1 = 1 + 2i\) \(z_2 = 1 - 2i\)
b) \(z^2 + 4z + 13 = 0\) → \(\Delta = 16 - 52 = -36\).
\(\sqrt{|\Delta|} = 6\). \(z = \dfrac{-4 \pm 6i}{2}\)
\(z_1 = -2 + 3i\) \(z_2 = -2 - 3i\)
c) \(2z^2 - 4z + 4 = 0\) → \(\Delta = 16 - 32 = -16\).
\(\sqrt{|\Delta|} = 4\). \(z = \dfrac{4 \pm 4i}{4}\)
\(z_1 = 1 + i\) \(z_2 = 1 - i\)
Le circuit de la pompe à chaleur a les caractéristiques suivantes :
| Composant | Résistance \(R\) (\(\Omega\)) | Réactance \(X\) (\(\Omega\)) |
|---|---|---|
| Compresseur | 12 | 16 |
| Ventilateur | 30 | 40 |
Tension du réseau : \(U = 230\) V.
Représentation des impédances dans le plan complexe
1. \(\underline{Z_1} = 12 + 16j\) \(\Omega\)
2. \(|\underline{Z_1}| = \sqrt{12^2 + 16^2} = \sqrt{144 + 256} = \sqrt{400} = \) \(20\) \(\Omega\)
3. \(I_1 = \dfrac{U}{|\underline{Z_1}|} = \dfrac{230}{20} = \) \(11{,}5\) A
4. \(\underline{Z_2} = 30 + 40j\) \(\Omega\).
\(|\underline{Z_2}| = \sqrt{30^2 + 40^2} = \sqrt{900 + 1600} = \sqrt{2500} = \) \(50\) \(\Omega\)
5. \(I_2 = \dfrac{230}{50} = \) \(4{,}6\) A
6. Le compresseur consomme \(11{,}5\) A. Le disjoncteur de 16 A est suffisant (\(11{,}5 < 16\)).
Caractéristiques du circuit :
1. \(\underline{Z} = 10 + j(24 + (-24)) = 10 + j \times 0 = \) \(10\) \(\Omega\)
2. La partie imaginaire est nulle : \(\text{Im}(\underline{Z}) = 0\). L'impédance est purement résistive — les effets de la bobine et du condensateur se compensent exactement.
3. \(|\underline{Z}| = \sqrt{10^2 + 0^2} = 10\) \(\Omega\).
\(I = \dfrac{230}{10} = \) \(23\) A
4. Condition de résonance : \(X_L + X_C = 0\), soit \(X_L = -X_C\) (la réactance inductive compense la réactance capacitive).
5. À la résonance, \(|\underline{Z}|\) est minimal (il ne reste que \(R\)). Comme \(I = \dfrac{U}{|\underline{Z}|}\), l'intensité est maximale quand l'impédance est minimale.
Positions des prises (en mètres) :
| Prise | Nombre complexe | Position \((x\,;\,y)\) |
|---|---|---|
| A | \(z_A = 1 + 2i\) | (1 m ; 2 m) |
| B | \(z_B = 4 + 2i\) | (4 m ; 2 m) |
| C | \(z_C = 4 + 5i\) | (4 m ; 5 m) |
| D | \(z_D = 1 + 5i\) | (1 m ; 5 m) |
La distance entre deux points \(z_1\) et \(z_2\) dans le plan complexe est \(d = |z_2 - z_1|\).
Plan de la pièce — placez les 4 prises
Correction — plan complexe
2. \(z_B - z_A = (4 + 2i) - (1 + 2i) = 3\).
\(d_{AB} = |3| = \) \(3\) m
3. \(z_C - z_A = (4 + 5i) - (1 + 2i) = 3 + 3i\).
\(d_{AC} = |3 + 3i| = \sqrt{9 + 9} = \sqrt{18} = 3\sqrt{2} \approx \) \(4{,}24\) m
4. Câble avec marge : \(3\sqrt{2} \times 1{,}10 \approx 4{,}24 \times 1{,}10 \approx \) \(4{,}67\) m → prévoir 5 m de câble.
5. Calculons toutes les distances :
\(d_{AB} = 3\) m, \(d_{BC} = |0 + 3i| = 3\) m, \(d_{CD} = |-3| = 3\) m, \(d_{DA} = |0 - 3i| = 3\) m.
Les 4 côtés sont égaux. Vérifions un angle : \(d_{AC} = 3\sqrt{2}\), ce qui correspond à la diagonale d'un carré de côté 3.
ABCD est un carré de côté 3 m.
1. \(X_L - X_C \approx 25{,}1 - 7{,}96 \approx 17\) Ω. \(\underline{Z} = 15 + 17j\).
2. \(|\underline{Z}| = \sqrt{225 + 289} = \sqrt{514} \approx\) \(22{,}67\) Ω. \(I = \dfrac{230}{22{,}67} \approx\) \(10{,}15\) A.
3. \(\varphi = \arctan\!\left(\dfrac{17}{15}\right) = \arctan(1{,}133) \approx\) \(48{,}6°\). \(\varphi > 0\) : le circuit est inductif (la bobine domine le condensateur).
4. \(I \approx 10{,}15\) A \(< 16\) A. Le disjoncteur de 16 A est adapté.
On considère les complexes \(z_1 = 1 + i\) et \(z_2 = \sqrt{3} - i\).
1. \(z_1 \times z_2 = (1 + i)(\sqrt{3} - i) = \sqrt{3} - i + i\sqrt{3} - i^2 = \sqrt{3} + 1 + (\sqrt{3} - 1)i\). \(z_1 z_2 = (\sqrt{3}+1) + (\sqrt{3}-1)i \approx 2{,}73 + 0{,}73i\).
2. \(|z_1| = \sqrt{2}\), \(|z_2| = \sqrt{3+1} = 2\), \(|z_1 z_2| = \sqrt{(\sqrt{3}+1)^2 + (\sqrt{3}-1)^2} = \sqrt{(3+2\sqrt{3}+1) + (3-2\sqrt{3}+1)} = \sqrt{8} = 2\sqrt{2}\). \(|z_1 z_2| = 2\sqrt{2} = \sqrt{2} \times 2 = |z_1| \times |z_2|\) ✓.
3. \(z_1 = \sqrt{2}\!\left(\cos\dfrac{\pi}{4} + i\sin\dfrac{\pi}{4}\right)\) ; \(z_2 = 2\!\left(\cos\!\left(-\dfrac{\pi}{6}\right) + i\sin\!\left(-\dfrac{\pi}{6}\right)\right)\).
4. Arg\((z_1 z_2) = \dfrac{\pi}{4} + \left(-\dfrac{\pi}{6}\right) = \dfrac{3\pi - 2\pi}{12} = \dfrac{\pi}{12}\). \(z_1 z_2 = 2\sqrt{2}\!\left(\cos\dfrac{\pi}{12} + i\sin\dfrac{\pi}{12}\right)\).
5. Multiplier par \(z_1\) revient à multiplier le module par \(\sqrt{2}\) et à faire tourner le point de \(45°\) dans le plan complexe.
Pour le circuit : \(\underline{U} = 163 e^{j\pi/6}\) V (amplitude efficace : \(U = 163\) V, phase : \(\varphi = 30°\)).
1. \(\underline{U} = 163(\cos 30° + j\sin 30°) = 163\!\left(\dfrac{\sqrt{3}}{2} + j \times \dfrac{1}{2}\right) \approx 163 \times 0{,}866 + j \times 163 \times 0{,}5\). \(\underline{U} \approx 141 + 81{,}5j\).
2. \(|\underline{U}| = \sqrt{141^2 + 81{,}5^2} \approx \sqrt{19\,881 + 6\,642} = \sqrt{26\,523} \approx 163\) ✓.
3. \(U_{\text{eff}} = \dfrac{163}{\sqrt{2}} \approx \dfrac{163}{1{,}414} \approx\) \(115\) V ✓. C'est bien une tension de sortie de 115 V.
4. Arg\(\underline{U} = \dfrac{\pi}{6} = 30°\) et Arg\(\underline{I} = -\dfrac{\pi}{12} = -15°\). Déphasage : \(\varphi = 30° - (-15°) = 45°\). La tension est en avance de 45° sur le courant.
On considère les complexes \(z_A = 1 + 2i\) et \(z_B = 5 + 4i\) représentant deux capteurs de température.
1. \(z_B - z_A = (5+4i) - (1+2i) = 4 + 2i\). \(AB = |4+2i| = \sqrt{16+4} = \sqrt{20} = 2\sqrt{5} \approx\) \(4{,}47\).
2. \(z_M = \dfrac{z_A + z_B}{2} = \dfrac{(1+2i)+(5+4i)}{2} = \dfrac{6+6i}{2} =\) \(3 + 3i\).
3. \(|z_C - z_A|^2 = (a-1)^2 + (b-2)^2\) et \(|z_C - z_B|^2 = (a-5)^2 + (b-4)^2\). L'égalité des distances donne bien l'équation indiquée.
4. En développant :
\(a^2 - 2a + 1 + b^2 - 4b + 4 = a^2 - 10a + 25 + b^2 - 8b + 16\)
\(-2a - 4b + 5 = -10a - 8b + 41\)
\(8a + 4b = 36\) → \(2a + b = 9\).
C'est une droite — la médiatrice du segment \([AB]\).
5. \(M = (3\,;\,3)\) : \(2 \times 3 + 3 = 9\) ✓. Le milieu de \([AB]\) appartient à la médiatrice.